On February
5, 1960, four black college students sat down at a "white-only" department
store lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina. This Woolworth's
counter was but one of the many segregated public facilities in the
American South where African Americans were prohibited from such
activities as eating, swimming, and drinking by whites who not only
opposed equal treatment of the races, but feared any possibility of bodily
contact. When the restaurant refused these students service, they remained
seated until the store closed for the evening. The
students returned each morning for the next five days to occupy the lunch
counter, joined by a group of protesters that grew to the hundreds. Faced
by a mob of angry white residents and management that refused to serve
them a cup of coffee, the students maintained their protest until they
forced the store to close its doors.
The protest by Joseph McNeil, Ezell Blair Jr., Franklin McCain and David Richmand marked the beginning of a grassroots sit-in movement led by CORE
against the segregated public spaces of the South. Black or racially
integrated students and CORE organizers would sit down in white-only
spaces and refuse to move until they were served or forcibly removed. By
the end of 1960, about 70,000 Black students had participated in a sit-in
or marched in support of the demonstrators.

Although
there had been a few sit-in protests before 1960, including two in 1943,
the mass mobilization of 1960 was new. Few in the economically struggling
black community of the South had been willing to undertake these types of
direct action protests, since they would be in danger of losing their jobs
after an arrest. CORE organized Black students since generally they had
fewer financial responsibilities than their older counterparts and they
were interested in forcing change more immediate than that promised by the
legal reform advocates.
In 1960, through CORE's "Sit-ins", African American students entered the
political arena in large numbers for the first time, the character of the
civil rights protesting began to change. Influenced by the success of CORE
protests, black students saw the potential for using nonviolent resistance
to undermine the system and thinking of segregation.

The pivotal demonstration was the Greensboro sit-in. But CORE had already
begun organizing elsewhere. During 1960, sit-ins began to break down the
segregation of the upper South, and lunch counters were integrated in
cities in Texas, North Carolina, Tennessee. The reasons for integration
were economic as well as moral. Boycotters, both black and white,
supported the protesters, and many merchants did not want to lose the
revenue of customers.
The efficacy of nonviolent resistance was one of the most important
legacies of the 1960 sit-in protests. Segregation was seen to be a moral,
as well as legal issue, and the dignity of blacks in the face of white
supremacist rage went far to win white and black support for the
movement.
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